China's soft power how to change the world _ Huang long flat

China's soft power how to change the world (reproduced) (a) this few days off and finished United States journalists and the Carnegie Endowment for international peace special researcher Joshua �� Corcoran Rizki (JoshuaKurlantzick) works on "China's charm offensive: how China's soft power to change the world" (charm offensive: how China'ssoft power is transforming the world, Yale UniversityPress, 2007). As early as a long time ago, I had to print out the English works, just as busy doc exam and other messy chores, coke Lao issue among the chaos will it forgotten somewhere. The last time in Beijing, chatting with friends on my master's thesis in the critique of China's soft power research (1990-2009), my friend asked me: "have you seen the Chinese charm offensive" this book? "half-dozen I understand what this book maybe important for my thesis writing is essential. Recently, I came back to it from the hordes of books to find out, see, look at the legendary "charm offensive" what a difference. (2) the evaluation of this RobertSutter has so books: "branch use Lorenz g data, analysis, and his shuttle in Southeast Asia and other corners of the world's press career contact with extensive anecdotal and concluded: that is, he claims to be Chinese charm offensive has profoundly changed the Southeast Asia regional order and even the world order, but this campaign has undermined the interests of the United States. In this book, chapter Organization framework at a glance, lively and interesting, and the other readers. Using a vivid example of the impact of lean and China, United States of incompetence and fading, gave them was very impressed. "(See RobertSutter, Book Reviews: charm offensive: how China's soft power istransforming the world, Contemporary Southeast Asia., Singapore: Dec2007. Vol. 29, Iss. 3,p527���� But Harvard University professor Dwight H. Perkins also said: "it's still the first to some extent, an in-depth description of China through comprehensive efforts to friends as well as to fulfill its global influence of the works, it easily comprehensible description and analysis have been those on foreign policy interest lay readers of all ages, but experts also spoils. "(See URL: http://www.entrepreneur.com/tradejournals/article/172835096.html) indeed, after reading this book, my first impression is that this book chapter structure is clear, easy-to-text, suitable for the general public to read. (3) the book's structure is divided into 11 chapters, preface part mainly on authors writing in the first place, the author concisely describes the late 1990s, the Chinese in Southeast Asia, Africa and Latin America regions implement or display its soft power this important phenomenon. Yet many observers but turn a blind eye to this phenomenon, so writing this book, author of the initiation of the idea, through their own hands-on experience, the identity of the reporter, patient records, getting about China's charm offensive by little, the same time. The first chapter the courting theworld of equivalent of the "Introduction", 2003, Bush and Hu Jin-Tao �� �� successively access Australia is the different treatment for the prelude from point belt line, from Australia to Southeast Asia and throughout the world, highlighting China's charm offensive has come naturally. When Australia in the last century 80 's to China as an "International Dalit" (pariah) but now it will be ignored in China as a friend, from small beginnings, the transformation of China's international image (thetransformation of China'simage) have achieved results. As the author says: "with the Beijing gradually Davao world, China has globally changed its image-from others in the eyes of a ' threat ' to the ' opportunity ', from the" bad guys "into" the benefactor "�� such a change has been shown that China can become a world power. While in Australia and Korea and other developed countries, China is changing the image of Inkling, but in the national standard of living is lower than the United States, Europe, Japan and Canada and other developed countries, developing countries, China's image in Europe is already apparent. "(See JoshuaKurlantzick, charm offensive: how China's soft power is transformingthe world, Yale UniversityPress, 2007, p5). But such a change in the final analysis is that China's "soft power" strategy (soft power strategy). Since then, the author is roughly described the concept of "soft power", by recalling the origins of soft power concept of pioneer Joseph �� Nai on soft power connotation of definition and description, then a simple description of China's "soft power" to the end. As the author says: "dangnai nonce soft power of this concept, he will be investment, trade and official diplomacy and the assistance left out of the soft power of connotation, in his view, these methods simply traditional stick and carrot it ... ... For China, soft power but means that the military and security beyond the area of any context, not only including popular culture, and public diplomacy, including more coercive economic and diplomatic leverage, such as foreign aid and investment and participation inMultilateral organizations. "(Ibid., p6) in fact, the author is in accordance with China's soft power to describe China's charm offensive, this is the third chapter in the book, chapter IV acharm strategy" the tools of chapter v of the culture, the tools of business law and chapter VI the Mr.popular theme. Just because the author did not reflection China's soft power why and Nye's soft power is the obvious differences, or further, because the author did not doubt that such a concept can apply to the particular situation of the country has, and this inevitably led to his writings only breadth and lack of depth. ShengDing in the wings of the Dragon: how China's soft power "(the dragon's hidden wings: how Chinarise with its softpower) had come to the point in the book:" soft power really is a universal concept? Nai on definition of soft power and soft power in the United States argued whether to use to describe the United States in many dimensions and distinct cases? but unfortunately, the existing literature does not pay attention to these issues, many scholars directly use the NAI's soft power concept study of East Asian countries. "(See ShenDing, the dragon's hidden wings: how China rise with its softpower, LexingtonBooks, 2008, p2) and lots of research within the soft power of overseas as similar to scholars, journalists, brands, strong in the interviews and the analysis of weak in theory, therefore, could not escape this kind of rut seems reasonable. Like all works of this chapter, like the introduction of the last part is explained in this book that you want to study. Concise, its main is divided into four parts. First: study on the application object, which is China's soft power of attraction of the developing countries (mainly in South-East Asia, Africa, Latin America countries) as well as Australia, Korea and Russia facts or phenomenon. Second: study on the background, the cause of China's integration into the world, the objectives and expectations; the third: research purposes: explore how China strategy aims to achieve its mission to China's soft power strategy and its impact on channel or channels; the fourth: the results of the study, investigation of China's charm offensive success, as well as the tactics of the United States. Throughout the book, the author is according to this ideas to article layout. (D) of chapter II of the changes on the home front, mainly discusses China's diplomatic strategy transformation process for the next chapter of the "paving the way to do a charmstrategy. From Mao �� Peter �� East "output revolution" to Miss �� small �� flat "reform and opening up" and "pragmatism diplomacy" to River �� Peter �� people's "power strategy", the author outlines the broadly in the past 50 years China's foreign policy path. In a certain sense, this is the kind of inner transformation that led to the transformation of China's international image. At the same time, the unique characteristics of the United States after the cold war, as well as new isolationism of the United States has resulted in positive international image gradually give way to negative negative international image. As the author says: "the cold war, the United States from the world, enjoying their own economic prosperity, the Internet, and focus on the culture of the United States. Come from all walks of life of many United States against the United States and overseas intervention requires Washington to cut foreign assistance, and public opinion, Washington dip toe the line. Subsequently, Washington really reduced external assistance and public diplomacy, for a long time, they are the United States get their people to favor of the ' killer app '; at the same time, the United States information agency, Washington (UnitedStates InformationAgency) into the State. Furthermore, the Clinton Administration ignored the postwar United States organization established in many multilateral bodies, which seems to give the impression that the United States is a Unilateralists ... "(see JoshuaKurlantzick, charmoffensive, p33). The 1997 Asian financial crisis is a clear turning point, the United States during the Asian financial crisis of negative slack for many a sweeping past United States favor, while the Chinese renminbi depreciation not promptly announced and subsequently got a helping hand to China and Thailand in the South-East Asian Nations to reverse the original negative negative international image, China began to step on the journey of endless charm offensive. Chapter III of the reviving a charmstrategy "describes the fourth generation of Chinese leaders how to develop soft power strategy. In the author's view, the new leaders to take soft power strategy of the main reasons is to reverse the negative image of China in the international, establish China as a friendly, peaceful and constructive international actors. As the author says: "change the image of China as well as offset China threat is crucial to Beijing, on its foreign policy is key to the future direction. "(Ibid., p40) from building win-win cooperation, non-interference, participation in multilateral organizations to not taboo to talk about and promote socio-economic development model in China, China's soft power strategy began partly. Chapter 4, "the tools of chapter v of the culture, the tools of business law and chapter VI the Mr.popular" is China's soft power strategy means a detailed description. As previously said, China's soft power and Nye's soft power has imbued with the contact, but in between there are obvious differences. In China, the NAI's soft power connotations are too narrow. NAI believes that soft power source is the "cultural (in the other countries produce attractive place to work), political values (when it at home and abroad are able to truly practice these values) and foreign policy (when the policy is considered to have the legitimacy and moral authority)" (see ��us�� Joseph �� Sinai: the soft power: the worldCommunity's political success "(Wu Hui waiting for translation), Beijing: Oriental Press, May 2005 Edition, p. 11). But China's soft power compared to the NAI's soft power concept, there is a broader connotation, in addition to military and security areas, almost all the other areas could be incorporated into the category of soft power. Therefore, whether it is culture means or commercial tools are China's soft power strategy of important part of the China today as "David" (Mr.popular). As regards the application of these instruments, in which more cases without needless to say, the interested reader can refer to the book. In short, through the use of practical diplomacy, increased aid and attract the elite and popular way, developing countries saw the rise of China decided to take advantage of opportunities for China's rise to its use. But an obvious question is: "China's charm offensive is effective in other parts of the world? Beijing really become more popular, more content, more attractive and become role models for others hearts? other countries are ready to take full advantage of the opportunities for China's rise" (see JoshuaKurlantzick, charmoffensive, p113)) of the author, from opinion polls, personal interviews and even roadside anecdote, rising from the overseas Chinese culture and Chinese language heat, developing countries paper media and broadcast on a more positive assessment to the developing countries growing elite recognition of China's soft power, the evidence shows China's soft power strategies have achieved results. Chapter seven is the goaloriented "on the third chapter summary and supplementary information on Chapter 3. In this chapter, the author starts out with the exposition to: "these are Chinese charm offensive in the early stages, so it is difficult to make conclusions. But we have other ways to measure the success of Beijing's charm offensive and gains and losses, in addition to the above mentioned in chapter I of the overt evidence, such as opinion polls, on Chinese culture and language of interest, Chinese officials of courtesy and other relatively obvious; we also able to explore China's charm offensive success of tacit indication through review of China's foreign strategic goals, and then test whether it is through these goals to prove ... No doubt, because China's soft power also contains mandatory components, for which we cannot accurately determine their role in the other countries of the tension and thrust. It is true that Beijing cannot continue to use its powers to compel other countries do not comply with its own national interests, other countries may also take advantage of some of the soft power of Beijing to its services. Nevertheless, through examination of China's foreign policy objectives, we can speculate that the Chinese have in the use of soft power achieved certain success. "(Ibid., pp129-130). In the author's view, China's foreign key strategic objectives are as follows: "to maintain peace and stability in the border, will own dressed up as a humble modesty and constructive international actors (small words to Jen), became a model for other developing countries to follow suit, draw on the resources for economic development in China and Taiwan output, isolated in time be even able to keep pace with the United States in the country. "(Ibid., p130). Subsequently, the author will gradually on the objectives of the inspection, China has been in the use of soft power achieved certain success. (5) However, the success and failure often keeping feet. In the short term, China's soft power strategy a success, but we will not last long, for a moment on the soft power of strategic risks lurking around. In Chapter 8 of the code, the authors wieldingthecharm it highlights China's soft power strategy on exactly what it means for the purposes of the world. In the author's view, the use of soft power in Beijing has been releasing some positive signals, such as support for the multilateral mechanisms mediating inter-State conflicts and disputes by mediation. However the danger is self-evident, as the author says: "in China as an international arena of major roles before, its interior for Shenzhen, Guangzhou, Shenyang, is most likely a potential nightmare; today, China's foreign policy may in time will become the city of S?o Paulo, Guatemala and the people of mengye Surabaya. "(Ibid., p154) despite the alarmist, but in the author's view, as China's gradual integration into the international community, with each country's understanding of China and more deep, China's soft power strategy will face a series of challenges such as the developing countries and China in trade disputes, China to turn a blind eye to their own environmental damage will be accompanied by the impact of enlargement and extended to other countries, delaying other developing countries in building the rule of law, China development model output to many countries and Latin America will be a disaster, China's output of low labour standards, environmental pollution and damage and lax corporate management will face other receiving countries fight back �� these are also the whatisnext?" in Chapter 10 of interest topics. China's soft power strategy where and how success will be the expert scholars and policymakers must focus, we meet in China today is also the glory of the adversity, thinking about the next step of risks and countermeasures. The ninth chapter, "America soft power goessoft" sights from China to the United States, United States of soft power in the past twenty years that the decline of causes and effects. The author thinks: "Although the rise of China's soft power is not set up the soft power in the United States weakened, but the decline of the United States has led to China's attractive appeal. "(Ibid., see p175) as regards the United States soft power light will no longer cause, the author mentioned in Chapter 2 slightly, this will not go into details, refer to the relevant chapters of the book, the interested reader can refer to Joseph �� NAI's publications of the United States hegemony of puzzle: why the United States can not be a monopoly, the soft power: the world's political success" or door Hong Hua compiled the hard power and soft power "(all three of the Chinese translation of the book, the last one in this world is full of loopholes, Yongji Qu hard teeth, readers need to be careful). Finally, the authors concluded: "in the 1990s United States isolation for the futureThe decline of soft power to lay, it cut off the United States and world link. In 2000, when the United States into the world again, this new approach �� unilateral action, warlike rhetoric and rhetorical public diplomacy �� will only make other countries to avoid much of the United States. "(Ibid., p194). Admittedly, the United States "to wiang drive fish for Plexus-que" foreign policy make China an opportunity, and the United States to be able to use "until the inherent advantages of a comeback, China will use its soft power strategy hacked, Lectra United States power and potential threat to the national interests of the United States. "(Ibid., p196). The last chapter of the responding to the charmoffensive ", authors use chopsticks generation chip, for China's soft power the success of the strategy for the United States Government put forward some countermeasures. The author thinks: "... ... In many parts of the world, China has thorough coaching ' threat ', ' image ' mercy ' changed to ' image. In parts of Asia, China is like a crane; and it can develop in some regions of the world to China-centric regions such as Central Asia, and Africa. Even the United States ' long-term ally Australia has also started to move closer to China. "," But the change does not mean that China's soft power is with the United States of soft power in hand or the United States will not be able to maintain its World Affairs of core impact. "(Ibid., p229). In the author's view, the United States still has exceptional advantages, such as the United States's military strength, economic strength, and more importantly, the United States remains the world's developing countries and the general public in the eyes of the political, social and even values for example. "China's values �C respect for national sovereignty, the concept of non-interference, as well as State-led progressive economic development model still attractive, however the attractiveness of its values is limited to certain specific groups, such as the dictatorship of the elite, like Venezuela and Iran, as the United States model is equivalent to the failure of Washington, d.c., patterns, and the United States intervention in the general public as well as those willing to sacrifice some degree of political freedom in exchange for Chinese economic development groups. However, China can't give the civilian population to provide a comprehensive and inspiring perspective �� how to create a rights-based political-economic system �� it is still in many parts of the world will be attractive. "(Ibid., p229) Saul Gomez had such evaluation section Lorenz g:" Collin Rizk on China's soft power which controversial content especially China and dictatorial and trampling on human rights in countries (such as the Sudan) diplomatic and commercial relations for moral judgment; for the Chinese model of promotion for global democratization movement potential impacts, the author is not. "(See URL: http://www.cceia.org/resources/ethics_online/0014.html). In my view, the comments appear to be aimless SaulGome, because as mentioned above, the Corcoran Rizki comments without obscure China's soft power strategy. This evaluation ultimately also is placed in democratic freedoms and authoritarian dictatorship of dichotomy evaluation system. SaulGomez believes that "China is such a substitution mode (Note: Chinese pattern) but challenges the existing international order also raises important ethical questions. "This kind of ethical issues, which is on the upturn, in essence, is actually a power problem. KerryBrown also worked in the book's book review said: "... on ... But we are on TV image easily captured in new China, we must remember: any one of the core of public relations activities is to have a reasonable fact kernel. United States �� retired officers at the China Press JonathanMirsky seems �� still able to add your own image based on one simple fact: the United States is a free and democratic country, records of invention and innovation, a pluralistic and became an open system, which bear the past for about a century of mainstream ideology trend, it is this fact encouraged the United States and other countries. By contrast, China's current public relations activities depend on which active elements? all in all, China is still a one-party dictatorship in the country, has a poor record of press freedom, the serious problem of corruption, well known violations of human rights record as well as the construction of the rule of law mission ... "(see KerryBrown, Book Reviews: Charm Offensive: How China's Soft Power IsTransforming the World, Far Eastern EconomicReview, Jul/Aug2007, p63). In fact, both the Corcoran Rizk was Saul Gomez or KerryBrown, for China's "soft power" strategic global impact, these Western scholars or analysts always unable to escape the democratic and authoritarian dichotomy, and this is Joseph �� NAI's "soft power" concept of embarrassment. On the one hand, as I am in the development of China's soft power dilemma of "a," ... ... For Nye, whether cultural, political values, ideology, and the West of a free and democratic discourse is closely related to the framework. In this narrative, in the framework of a pluralist and tolerant society, freedom of expression, the markets opening up of the economic, institutional, cultural coexistence of multiple, non-governmental organizations and independent and important role with the United States is closely related to the strength of soft ... but it's a narrative framework for Ocean of Chinese scholars, it is not appropriate, China's own national particularities makes Chinese scholars in expositions of soft power sources are often inventive. Them from the Chinese traditional culture (and Nye's United States within the meaning of pop culture and high culture), or Beijing consensus and political cohesion and a strong sense of national identity and ideology of purification (free with Nai stresses the democratic political systemDegrees), the Chinese five basic principles of peaceful coexistence and even the peaceful rise, harmonious world foreign policy (and Nai emphasized international mechanisms of creation and maintenance, public diplomacy, and reduce the unilateralism of all ages and superstition), angle on soft strength. "(See http://www.stnn.cc/ed_china/200911/t20091104_1172697.html) and soft power concept of China has indeed given China's foreign policy have a tremendous gains, Collin Rizk's work is proof. But on the other hand, one obvious issue is that soft power concept of always inseparable Chinese characteristics, and foreign observers on the original soft strength of his wishes to lead them on China's soft power strategy evaluation always have a preconceived biases, and this is precisely the long-term strategy of China's soft power is bound to face the challenges of the operation. In time, China's "soft (strength) threat" also surfaced; threat, in the final analysis and hard (strength) or soft (strength). (6): RobertSutter had evaluation "expert or scholars may because this book analyses the lack of accuracy, as if we performance. Indeed, this book is on the soft power of definition and measurement of China's soft power of different parts or elements appear weak. In the demonstration part since then to frequently used anecdotes and make it compelling greatly diminished, but sometimes used data is casting doubt on their reliability. Obviously, the author seems exaggerated as the role of international assistance. "Evaluation of RobertSutter schools��, but nevertheless, Collin Rizki works or I benefited from. There is no real discussion, not a giddy comments, no sitting pontificating about the abstruse, but there is a strong feeling on the ground. Yes, the indispensable academic theory, stand tall, be looking farther; but indulging in which tend to be a daunting task. Sometimes feel that those theories as well, although the upper stars brilliant their ferocious but unattainable. Line of sight from the theory of star gazing down at the transfer, in his own feet, maybe we can find some treasures. Thanks to brands, books, he made me understand international politics is definitely not a series of discourse, but a real experience, whether it is physical or spiritual. A friend once said in his blog: "review of the own wrote that the so-called text, do one of the so-called thinking, isn't it was found from the database several Western academia decades ago popular vocabulary, to go around with a vertical, positivist material point, hanging sages attitude to identify several so-called problems, then put the Saviour's attitude made several so-called countermeasures. Really admire people who can write out the word, like never surfacing, and the text beat life! I was one of them, I'm going back to them, while I have not forgotten about the fragrance of the Earth! "and" beating "the life of the text, however desirable, would like to share with everyone! Xu Shaomin Sun Yat-sen University Institute of Asia-Pacific